If Resistors are the most basic passive component in electrical or electronic circuits, then we have to consider the Signal Diode
as being the most basic “Active” component. However, unlike a resistor,
a diode does not behave linearly with respect to the applied voltage as
it has an exponential I-V relationship and therefore can not be
described simply by using Ohm’s law as we do for resistors.
Diodes
are basic unidirectional Semiconductor Devices that will only allow
current to flow through them in one direction only, acting more like a
one way electrical valve, (Forward Biased Condition). But, before we
have a look at how signal or
An
electron traveling through the wires and loads of the external circuit
encounters resistance. Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of
charge. For an electron, the journey from terminal to terminal is not a
direct route. Rather, it is a zigzag path that results from countless
collisions with fixed atoms within the conducting material. The
electrons encounter resistance - a hindrance to their movement. While
the electric potential difference established between the two terminals
encourages the movement of charge, it is resistance that discourages it.
The rate at which charge flows from terminal to terminal is the result
of the combined effect of these two quantities.
The flow
of charge through wires is often compared to the flow of water through
pipes. The resistance to the flow of charge in an electric circuit is
analogous to the frictional effects between water and the pipe surfaces
as well as the resistance offered by obstacles that are present in its
path. It is this resistance that hinders the water flow and reduces both
its flow rate and its drift speed. Like the resistance to
water flow, the total amount of resistance to charge flow within a wire
of an electric circuit is affected by some clearly identifiable
variables.
First,
the total length of the wires will affect the amount of resistance. The
longer the wire, the more resistance that there will be. There is a
direct relationship between the amount of resistance encountered by
charge and the length of wire it must traverse. After all, if resistance
occurs as the result of collisions between charge carriers and the
atoms of the wire, then there is likely to be more collisions in a
longer wire. More collisions mean more resistance.
Second,
the cross-sectional area of the wires will affect the amount of
resistance. Wider wires have a greater cross-sectional area. Water will
flow through a wider pipe at
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